Index 1994 Medical-Microbiology-Illustrated - Leitura (2024)

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Index Abscess brain, 177-178 samples of pus from, 216 Absidia spp., 119 Accreditation, 147 Acholeplasma laidlawii, 184 Acinetobacter spp., 58, 59, 67 Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, 112 Actinobacillus spp., 81 A. actinomycemcomitans, 41, 81 Actinomyces spp., 40-42, 81, 94 A. israelii, 41, 92 Actinomycosis, 41, 94 Advisory Committee for Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP), 152,155 hazard groups, 152 Aerococcus spp., 12, 20 A. viridans, 29 Aeromonas spp., 209, 210 A. hydrophila, 209 Aerosol transmission, 153-154 Aesculin anaerobes and, 101 bile-aesculin test, 24-25, 28, 38 Agar, 6 Agglutination reactions, 253-254, 262 AIDS/HIV infection Candida and, 116 Cryptococcus and, 117, 172, 175 intestinal parasites and, 138,141 mycobacteria and, 46, 47 Pneumocystis carinii and, 144 safety precautions and, 159, 161 Salmonella and, 194 systemic mycosis and, 119, 122 toxoplasmosis and, 134,178 tuberculosis and, 46, 169 Air, 267-269 Alpha toxin, 105,106 Amikacin, assay of, 246 Aminoglycosides, assays of, 245-246 Amoebae, 136-137 brain abscesses and, 178 meningitis and, 172,175-176 Amoebiasis, 136-137 AmpiciUin resistance: of Enterobacteriaceae, 88 Amplification, 2, 5, 7 Anaerobes, 92-107 antibiotic susceptibility of, 99, 236, 239 brain abscess and, 178 colonization resistance by, 92 culture of, 3, 5-6, 96,104 blood culture, 162,164,165 generation of anaerobic atmosphere for, 96-98 identification of, 98-101,104 pathogenicity of, 93 specimens of, 93-94 urinary tract infection and, 214 see also individual bacteria Anaerobic cabinet, 97-98 Anaerobic jars, 97, 98 Ancylostoma duodenale, 140 Angina, Vincent's, 103, 111, 183 Angiostrongylus cantonensis, 172-173 Anthrax, 39 Antibiograms, 10 Antibiotic assays, 245-247 Antibiotic resistance see Resistance Antibiotic sensitivity, 7-8, 234-247 of Actinomyces, 42 of anaerobes, 99, 236, 239 antibiotic assays, 245-247 beta-lactamase test, 247 of borrelias, 112 276 Index Antibiotic sensitivity (cont.) breakpoint concentrations, 240-242 of Brucella, 11-1% of Candida, 111 of corynebacteria, 36 of Cryptococcus, 118 disc diffusion test, 236-240 of Enterobacteriaceae, 88, 239, 241, 244 of enterococci, 25, 29 of Erysipelothrix, 39 of Francisella, 79 of Haemophilus, 71-72, 239, 241, 244 of Helicobacter pylori, 206 of Legionella, 188 of leptospires, 110 of listeria, 38 media for, 235-236 minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), 236, 240-241, 242-244, 245 of mycobacteria, 55-57 of Mycoplasma, 186 of Neisseria, 62-63, 66, 239, 244 of Nocardia, 43 of Pneumocystis carinii, 145 primary susceptibility testing, 240 of Pseudomonas, 91, 239, 241, 242, 244 reporting of, 10 of Salmonella, 201 serum bactericidal levels, 247 of Shigella, 201 of staphylococci, 15-16, 18-19, 237, 238, 241, 242, 244 of streptococci, 29, 241, 244 synergy and, 244-245 testing of, 234-247 of Toxoplasma, 134-135 of Ureaplasma, 186 and urine samples, 215-216 Antibiotics in blood culture, removal of, 166 Antibody-antigen interaction, 4, 8, 248-249 blood culture, 165 cerebrospinal fluid, 177 mycobacteria, 50, 53, 55 pus samples, 217 streptococci, 28-29, 165 Anti-streptolysin O (ASO) test, 22, 29 API systems anaerobes, 101 enterobacteria, 87 Salmonella and Shigella, 199 Ascariasis, 135, 140 Ascaris spp., 140, 145 Ascites, 218 Ascomycota, 114 Aspergilloma, 118 Aspergillosis, 118, 119 Aspergillus spp., 113, 118-119 A. flavus, 114 A. niger, 114 brain abscess and, 178 culture of, 114 in environmental air, 268 Audit, 148 accreditation, 147 safety, 159 Auramine phenol test, 49 Autoclave, 157 Auxanograms, 10 Bacillus spp., 39-40 B. anthracis, 39-40 B. cereus, 40, 267, 268 Bacitracin test, 27, 181 BACTEC blood culture system, 51-52, 56-57, 164 Bacteriocin typing, 11 Bacteroides spp., B. amylphilus, 103 B. fragilis, 93, 95, 102 B. gracilis, 103 B. levii, 103 B. macaccae, 103 brain abscess and, 178 classification of, 102 culture of, 7, 96, 162 direct examination of, 94, 95 identification of, 100 pathogenicity of, 93, 102 vagin*l pH and, 232 Basidiomycota, 114-115 Batch control, 150 Beta lactamase of Haemophilus, 71, 72 of Neisseria, 63, 66 testing, 247 Beta toxin, 106 Bifidobacteria spp., 42 Bile aesculin test enterococci, 24-25, 28 listeria, 38 streptococci, 28 Bile solubility test, 28 Biliary tract, occult sepsis in, 169 Bioluminescence, 57 Biotyping, 10 Black peidra, 123 Bladder, urinary, 213 Index 277 Blastomyces dermatitidis, 119-120 Blast omycosis, 120 Blind subculture, 163-164 Blister fluid, 219 Blood culture, 160-166 antibiotic removal from, 166 concentration techniques, 166 contamination of, 165-166 examination of, 163-165 media for, 161-163 specimen taking for, 161, 165 Bordetella spp., 72-74 B. bronchoseptica, 72, 74 B. parapertussis, 72, 74 B. pertussis, 7, 72, 73-74 Borrelia spp., 110-112 B. burgdorferi, 110, 112 B. recurrentis, 110 B. vincentii, 103, 111, 183 Botulism, 107 Brain abscess, 177-178 syphilis and, 223 trypanosomiasis and, 175 Branhamella spp., 58 Breakpoint concentrations, 240-242 Bronchiectasis, 177-178 Broncho-alveolar lavage, 181 Bruceila spp., 74-78 B. abortus, 75, 77 B. canis, 75, 77 B. melitensis, 75, 76, 77 B. neotomae, 75 B. ovis, 75 B. suis, 75, 77 serotyping of, 250, 254 Brucellosis, 75 Brugia spp. B. malayi, 131 B. pahangi, 132 Bubonic plague, 86 Burns, 219, 220 Buruli ulcer, 47 C5a peptidase, 21 Cabinet(s) anaerobic, 97-98 safety, 154, 156-157 Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, 229-230 CAMP test listeria, 38 streptococci, 27-28 Campylobacter spp., 204-205 Candida spp., 113, 115-117,183 C albicans, 116, 117, 231 C. krusei, 116 C. lusitaniae, 116 vagin*l discharge and, 231 Capnocytophaga spp., 81 Capnophilic organisms, 6 Cardiobacterium hominis, 81 Cary-Blair medium, 6 Casella air sampler, 268 Catalase, 204 Catalase test, 154 Catheter specimens of urine, 214-215 Cellulitis, crépitant, 105 Central nervous system see Nervous system Centrifugation air centrifuge, 269 lysis, 166 safety precautions with, 154 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 173-177 syphilis and, 226 Cervicitis, 227 Cestodes, 141-142 Chancroid, 69, 229 Chilomastix mesnili, 139 Chlamydia spp. C. pneumoniae, 190, 228 C psittaci, 189-190 C trachomatis, 189, 220, 221, 227-229 classification of, 189 eye infection, 220, 221 genital infection, 227-229 identification of, 189-190, 228 pathogenicity of, 189 respiratory infection, 189-190 Chloramphenicol assay of, 246 Haemophilus resistance to, 71 Chloroquine resistance: of Plasmodium, 129, 131 Chocolate agar, 6 Cholera toxin, 207 Citrobacter spp., 86, 196 C freundii, 86, 198 Clinical microbiologist, 146 Clinical Pathology Accreditation (CPA), 147 Clonorchis sinensis, 144, 145 Clostridial myonecrosis, 106 Clostridium spp., 104-107 antibiotic susceptibility of, 239 classification of, 104 C. bifermentans, 106 C. botulinum, 107 G carnis, 104 278 Index Clostridium spp. (cont.) C difficile, 94, 99,107 G haemolyticum, 104 G histolyticum, 106 G novy/, 104, 106 G perfringens, 92, 93, 94, 105-106 in food, 268 identification of, 99,100, 106 typing of, 5 in water, 264 G septicum, 106 G tertium, 104 G tetam, 104,106-107 culture of, 96, 104-105 identification of, 99-100, 101, 105 pathogenicity of, 93, 104 specimens of, 94, 105 Clot culture, 201 Coagglutination, 254, 262 Coagulase, 15, 17-18 Coccidioides immitis, 119-120 Coccidioidomycosis, 120 Colicines, 202 Coliforms, 263 in milk, 266 in water, 263-266 Colitis, pseudomembranous, 94,107 Combination chemotherapy, 244-245 Commensal organisms, 2, 3 Complement fixation tests, 254-255 Computerized records, 11 Conjunctivitis, 220-221 Containment facilities, 155-157 Control of infection staff, 147 Control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH) regulations, 151 Corynebacteriumspp., 30-36 classification of, 30 G diphtheriae, 30-35, 36, 183 G equii, 30, 36 G haemolyticum, 30 G jeikeium, 36 G pseudodiphtheriae, 36 G pseudotuberculosis, 36 G pyogenes, 30, 41 G ulcerans, 35-36 G xerosis, 36 identification of, 35 Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), 252-253, 262 Coxiella burnetii, 190-191 C-polysaccharide, 24 Craigie tube method, 200 C-reactive protein, 168, 177 Crépitant cellulitis, 105 Cryptococcus neoformans, 117-118 meningitis and, 117, 172, 174,175,176 treatment of, 244 Crypt osporidiosis, 138 Cryptosporidium parvum, 138 Culture, 5-7 blood,160-166 cerebrospinal fluid, 176-177 conditions for, 5-6 media for, 6-7 pus, 217-218 quality control of, 149-150 respiratory tract pathogens, 180-181, 182, 183 skin swabs, 219-220 urine, 213-214, 215 Cysticercosis, 178 Decontamination, 157-158 Deoxycholate citrate agar, 195-196 Deoxyribonuclease, 15,18 Dermatophytes, 121-122 Deuteromycota, 115 Diagnosis, process of, 1-7 Diarrhoeal diseases, 192 see also individual pathogens Dip slide culture, 3, 215 Diphtheria, 30-32 Diphtheria toxin, 32, 34-35 Dirofilariasis, 173 Disc diffusion tests, 236-240 Haemophilus, 72 mycobacteria, 56 Neisseria, 63 Disinfectants, 158 DNA hybridization technique Chlamydia and, 228 mycobacteria and, 55 Donovanosis, 229-230 Duodenal string test, 141, 202 Durham's Tube, 87 Dysentery, amoebic, 136-137 Echinococcus spp., 142, 178 Eikenella corrodens, 81 Elek test, 34-35 ELISA test, 226, 228, 257-262 Endocarditis, 167, 169 control of, 243, 247 Endolimax nana, 139 Endophthalmitis, 221 Index 279 Enrichment media, 7 Entamoeba spp., 136-137 E. coli, 137,139 E. dispar, 139 E. histolytica, 136-137, 139, 178 Enteric fever, 201 Enteritis necroticans, 106 Enterobacter spp., 85-86, 198 Enterobacteriaceae, 82-88 antibiotic susceptibility of, 88, 239, 241, 244 antigenic structure of, 82-85 classification of, 82 coliforms, 263 culture of, 86-87 food and, 267 identification of, 87-88, 198 typing of, 88 See also individual bacteria Enterobius vermicularis, 139-140, 145 Enterococcus spp., 24-25, 28, 29, 215, 263-264, 265, 267 Enterotube system, 87 Enzyme immunoassays (EMIT), 246 Enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), 257-262 of Chlamydia, 228 of syphilis, 226 Epidermophyton spp., 121, 123 Erysipeloid, 38 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, 38-39 Erythrogenic toxins, streptococcal, 21-22 Escherichia coli, 84, 85, 88, 202-204 abdominal wounds and, 219 coliforms and, 263, 264, 265, 266 culture of, 196, 197 identification of, 198, 202, 203-204, 267 meningitis and, 172,176 pathogenicity of, 203 types of, 203 urinary tract infection and, 214, 215 Ethambutol resistance: of mycobacteria, 55 Examination, 4 Exfoliatin toxin, 14, 15 Exophiala werneckii, 122-123 Exotoxins A and S, 89-90 Eye infection, 220-221 Factors V and X, 68, 70 Faeces, detection of pathogens in, 192-193 coliforms, 263-264, 265 parasites, 135-136, 138-139 see also individual pathogens Farmer's lung, 118, 119 Fasciola hepatica, 144, 145 Fever, 160 enteric, 201 pyrexia of uncertain origin, 166-170 Filaria, 131-132 Filariasis, 131 Filobasidiella spp., 117 Fimbriae, 85, 203 Food, 192, 267 Bacillus cereus and, 40, 267, 268 botulism and, 107 Clostridia and, 105-106, 107, 268 Listeria and, 37 liver flukes and, 144 milk, 266 Salmonella and, 194, 267, 268 tapeworms and, 141 toxoplasmosis and, 134 trichinosis and, 143 vibrios and, 207, 268 Formol-ether concentration technique, 135-136 Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC), 245 Francisella tularensis, 78-79, 80 Fuchs-Rosenthal chamber, 175 Fungi/mycosis, 113-124 classification of, 114-115 clinical importance of, 115 culture of, 113-114 opportunistic, 115-119 superficial, 120-124 systemic, 119-120 see also individual fungi Fusobacteria spp., 93, 94, 103 culture of, 96, 98,103,183 F. necrophorum, 92, 99,100,103 F. nucleatum, 92,103 F. ulcerans, 103, 220 habitat of, 92 identification of, 99,100, 103 pathogenicity of, 93 Gangrene gas, 106 Meleney's synergistic, 93, 104 Gardnerella vagin*lis, 231, 232-233 Gas-liquid chromatography, 96, 100,165, 217 Gastrointestinal tract, 192 coliforms, 263-264 see also individual pathogens Gelatinase, 87 Gentamicin, assay of, 245-246 Giardia lamblia, 137-138, 139 Giardiasis, 137 Giemsa stain, 4 280 Index Glanders, 89 Gnathostomiasis, 173 Gonorrhoea, 59 diagnosis of, 2, 60-62, 226-227 Gram's stain, 4 Granuloma inguinale, 229-230 H antigen, 83-84 of Salmonella, 194, 199-200, 201 Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, 203 Haemophilus spp., 68-72 clinical importance of, 68-69 culture of, 70, 181 H. aegyptius, 69, 71 H. ducreyi, 69, 70, 71, 229 H. haemolyticus, 71, 183 H. influenzae, 68-72, 181 antibiotic susceptibility of, 71-72, 239, 241, 244 eye infection with, 220, 221 meningitis and, 172, 173 vaccine against, 69 H. parainfluenzae, 70, 71 identification of, 70-71 pathogenicity of, 68 specimens of, 69 urinary tract infection and, 214 Hafnia alvei, 85-86 Helicobacter pylori, 205-206 Helminths, intestinal, 139-144, 145 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 247 Hippurate test, 28 Histoplasma capsulatum, 119-120 Histoplasmosis, 119-120 HIV see AIDS/HIV infection Holding jar technique, 98 Hookworms, 140, 145 Hoyle's medium, 6 Hyaluronic acid, 21 Hyaluronidase, 22, 23 Hydatid disease, 142 cerebral, 178 Immunofluorescence techniques, 255-257 Impedance measurement, 164 India ink, 175 Indicator media, 7 International Collaborative Study of Susceptibility Testing, 235 Intestinal parasites, 135-144 Isospora belli, 138 Issatchenkia orientalis, 116 Jameson filter paper strip method, 200 Jars, anaerobic, 97, 98 Joint fluid, 218 K antigens, 84 of Shigella, 201 Kingella spp., 58, 59, 67 Kirby Bauer method, 236, 237, 238, 240 Klebsiella spp., 85 antibiotic susceptibility of, 88 culture of, 196, 197 identification of, 198, 267 K. ozaenae, 85 K. pneumoniae, 82, 85 K. rhinoscleromatis, 85 Kligler's iron agar, 198 Laboratory quality assurance in, 148-150 safety in, 151-160 structural aspects of, 155-157 Lactamase of Haemophilus, 71, 72 of Neisseria, 63, 66 Lactate (in CSF), 177 Lactobacillus spp., urinary tract infection with, 214 Lancefield antigen, 21, 23, 27, 28-29 Latex agglutination, 254, 262 Lecithinase, 99-100, 105 Legionella spp., 186-188, 266 Legionellosis, 186-187 Leishmania spp., 132-133 Leprosy, 46 Leptosphaeria senegalensis, 123 Leptospira spp., 108-110 Leptospirosis, 108-109, 174 Leptotrichia buccalis, 103 Lipid analysis, mycobacterial cell wall, 53 Lipoarabinomannan, 45 Lipopolysaccharide of anaerobes, 93 of Campylobacter, 205 of Chlamydia, 189, 228 of enterobacteriaceae, 83 of Legionella, 186 of Neisseria, 65 of Pseudomonas, 89 of Salmonella, 194 of Treponema pallidum, 223 of vibrios, 207 Lipotechoic acid listeria, 38 streptococci, 23, 24, 27 Index 281 Liquoid, 162 Listeria spp., 36 culture of, 5 identification of, 37, 38 L. monocytogenes, 5, 36-38, 172 Listeriosis, 37 Liver abscess, amoebic, 137 Liver flukes, 144 Loa loa, 131 Loiasis, 131 Loops, bacteriological, 153 Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium, 51, 53 LT toxin, 203 Lumbar puncture, 173 Lung puncture, 182 Lyme disease, 110, 111-112 Lymphogranuloma venereum, 227, 228, 229 Lysis centrifugation, 166 Lysis filtration, 166 MacConkey agar, 6 Madura foot, 42, 123 Madurella spp., 123 Major outer membrane protein, 189 Major surface protein, 186 Malaria, 125-131 fever of, 160, 167 meningitis and, 172 Malassezia furfur, 122 Mansonella spp., 131 Manuals, laboratory, 149 safety manual, 149,158 Media, 6-7 for blood culture, 161-163 Medical laboratory scientific officer (MLSO), 146, 149 Meleney's synergistic gangrene, 93, 104 Melioidosis, 89, 91 Meningitis, 171-177 aetiology of, 171-173 amoebic, 172, 175-176 bubonicplague and, 86 Cryptococcus and, 117, 172, 174, 175, 176 diagnosis of, 173-177 Haemophilus and, 68-69, 172, 173 Neisseria and, 63-64, 66, 172, 173, 176, 177 neonatal, 172, 176 Methicillin resistance of staphylococci, 16, 19, 183, 220 testing of, 238 Micrococcus spp., 12, 17 Micro-incinerators, 153 Microscopy, 4 Microsporum spp., 121-122 M. audouinii, 122, 123 M. canis, 115, 122, 123 Milk, 266 Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), 243 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 236, 242-244 breakpoint and, 240-241 of mycobacteria, 56 of Neisseria, 63, 244 synergy and, 245 Minitek system anaerobes, 101 enterobacteria, 87 Mobiluncus spp., 231, 232 Mononucleosis, 169 Moraxella spp., 58-59, 67 M. catarrhalis, 58-59, 63, 67, 241 M. lacunata, 59, 67, 220, 221 M-protein, 21 Mucor spp., 119 Mucosal transmission, 153, 155 Mycetoma, 42, 123 Mycobacteria spp., 44-57 antibiotic susceptibility of, 47-48 classification of, 44 clinical importance of, 4 5 ^ 7 culture of, 50-52 identification of, 47-48, 52-55 M. avium-intracellulare, 47, 54, 55, 57 M. bovis, 46, 51 M. fortuitum-chelonei, 44, 47, 54 M. kansasii, 44, 47, 53, 54 M. leprae, 45, 46 M. malmoense, 54 M. marinum, 46, 54 M. tuberculosis (MTB), 44, 45-46, 48, 51, 53, 55-56, 172 M. ulcerans, 47, 54 M. xenopi, 47, 53, 54 pathogenicity of, 44-45 safety precautions with, 48 specimens of, 48-49 Mycoplasma spp., 184, 185-186 genital infection with, 229 M. genitalium, 184, 185, 186 M. hominis, 184, 186, 229 M. pneumoniae, 184-185, 186 Mycosis/fungi, 113-124 classification of, 114-115 clinical importance of, 115 culture of, 113-114 opportunistic, 115-119 282 Index Mycosis/fungi (cont.) superficial, 120-124 systemic, 119-120 see also individual fungi Myonecrosis, clostridial, 106 Naegleria fowled, 172, 175-176 Nalidixic acid, resistance to, 206 Nasal swabs, 183 Nasopharyngeal aspiration, 181-182 National External Quality Assessment Scheme, 148 Necator americanus, 140 Neisseria spp., 58, 59-67 antibiotic susceptibility of, 239, 244 commensal strains of, 59, 66-67 eye infection and, 220, 221 identification of, 62 N einer ea, 63, 66 N gonorrhoeas 3, 59-63, 220, 221, 226-227 N. lactima, 62, 63 N meningitidis, 63-66,172, 173,176, 177 N. sicca, 63, 66 N. subflava, 63, 66 Neonatal infection blood culture and, 161 gastroenteritis, 203 meningitis, 172, 176 Nervous system cerebrospinal fluid samples, 173-177 specimens from, 173 syphilis and, 223 see also Brain abscess; Meningitis Netilmicin, assay of, 245-246 Nocardia spp., 42-43 Novobiocin resistance, 18 Nurse, control of infection, 147 O antigen, 83 of Salmonella, 194, 200, 201 of Shigella, 201 Ocular infection, 220-221 Onchocerca volvulus, 131 Onchocerciasis, 131-132 Optochin test, 28,181 Oral transmission, 153 Outer membrane proteins of Chlamydia, 189, 228 of Neisseria, 60, 62, 65 Oxygen, 3, 5-6, 92 generation of anaerobic atmosphere, 96-98 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, 119-120 Paracoccidioidomycosis, 120 Parasites, 125-145 brain abscess and, 178 meningitis and, 172-173 see also individual parasites Parenteral transmission, 153, 154-155,159 Paronychia, 116 Pastuerella spp., 79, 80 Peidraia hortae, 123 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 59, 227, 229 Penicillin resistance of Acinetobacter, 61 of Bruceila, 78 of Francisella, 79 of Haemophilus, 71 of Moraxella, 67 of Neisseria, 63 of Pseudomonas pseudomallei, 91 of staphylococci, 15-16,19 of streptococci, 29 Penicillinase-producing gonococci, 63 Peptococcus spp., 103-104 Peptone water sugars, 6 Peptostreptococcus spp., 92, 93, 96,104 P. anaerobius, 92, 104 P. magnus, 92 Peritoneal dialysis fluid, 218 Pertussigen, 72 Petragnani medium, 51 Phage typing, 5, 11 of staphylococci, 5, 11,19-20 Phosphatase test, 266 Pili: of Neisseria, 60, 65 Pinta, 223 Pityriasis versicolor, 122 Plague, 86 Plasmid analysis, 11 Plasmodium spp., 125-131 P. falciparum, 125-131, 172 P. malariae, 126, 129, 130 P. ovale, 126, 129, 130, 131 P. vivax, 126,128,130,131,160,167 Plesiomonas shigelloides, 209-210 Pleural fluid, 218 Pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae), 2, 24, 28, 29, 179 culture of, 181, 183 blood culture, 165 eye infection and, 220, 221 meningitis and, 172, 173, 177 serology and, 262 Pneumocystis carinii, 144-145 Pneumolysin, 24 Index 283 Pneumonia sputum microscopy in, 179-180 see also individual pathogens Polarizing fluorescence immunoassay, 246-247 Polyathenol sulphonate, 162 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 50 Pontiac fever, 187 Porphyromonas spp., 98,100, 103, 178 Potassium tellurite, 7 Precipitation techniques, 251-253 Prevotella spp., 102-103 P. melaninogenicus, 92, 95, 99,102 Primary susceptibility testing, 240 Process control, 149-150 Proportion method, 56 Proprionibacterium acnes, 92, 93 Prostatic massage, 215 Prostatitis, bacterial, 215, 230 Proteus spp., 85 antibiotic susceptibility of, 88, 240, 242 culture of, 86-87, 196-197, 207 identification of, 198 P. mirabilis, 85, 197 P. vulgaris, 198 urinary tract infection and, 213-214, 215 Protocol drift, 149,159 Providencia spp., 197 Pseudallescheria boydii, 123 Pseudofascioliasis, 144 Pseudomembranous colitis, 94, 107 Pseudomonas spp., 88-91 antibiotic susceptibility of, 91, 239, 241, 242, 244 classification of, 88 identification of, 90-91 P. aeruginosa, 88-89, 90-91 culture of, 90 pathogenicity of, 89-90 P. cepacia, 88, 89, 91 P. fluorescens, 88, 89 P. mallei, 89, 90 P. pseudomallei, 89, 90, 91 P. putida, 88, 89 P. stützen, 89, 90, 91 Psittacosis, 189, 228 Pus, 216-218 urethral, 226 PYR test, 27 Pyrexia of uncertain origin (PUO), 166-170 Q fever, 191 QBC diagnostic system, 129 Quality assessment, 148 control, 149-150 in antibiotic susceptibility testing, 240, 242, 244 Radioimmunoassay, 257 Radiometrie culture techniques, 51-52, 56-57, 164 Rapid plasmin reagent card test, 224 Rat-bite fever, 112 Records, computerized, 11 Reference laboratories, 10, 40, 48, 52 equipment in, 157 Relapsing fever, 110, 111, 112 Reporting, 8-10 of mycobacterial examination results, 52 of urine examination results, 214 Resistance, antibiotic, 10, 234 of Acinetobacter, 67 of Bruceila, 78 of enterococci, 25, 29 of Francisella, 79 of Haemophilus, 71, 239, 241, 244 of Helicobacter pylori, 206 of Moraxella, 67 of mycobacteria, 55-56 of Neisseria, 63, 66, 239, 244 of Plasmodium, 129,131 of Shigella, 201 of staphylococci, 15-16, 19,183, 220, 237, 238, 241, 242, 244 of streptococci, 29, 241, 244 see also Antibiotic susceptibility Resistance ratio, 56 Respiratory tract infections of, 179 specimens from, 179-183 see also individual pathogens Rhizopus spp., 119 Rhodococcus equii, 36 Rifampicin resistance: of mycobacteria, 55 River blindness, 131 Robertson's Cooked Meat, 6 Rothia spp., 42 R-protein, 21 Sabin-Feldman dye test, 134 Safety, 151-160 decontamination, 157-158 manual, 149,158 officer, 158 routes of transmission, 153-155 staff precautions, 158-160 284 Index Salmonella spp., 82,193-194 antibiotic susceptibility of, 201 antigens of, 84,194, 199-200, 201 clinical importance of, 194 culture of, 195-201 identification of, 199-200, 267, 268 pathogenicity of, 194 S. paratyphi, 194, 201 S. pulorum, 200 S. typhi, 82, 194, 195,197, 200, 201, 202 Schistosoma spp., 142-143, 145 Schistosomiasis, 142 diagnosis of, 135,142-143 Scientific officer, 146 Selection media, 2, 5, 7, 9 control organisms, 150 Selenite F medium, 6, 197-198 Sensitivity see Antibiotic sensitivity Serology, 8, 11, 248-262 clinical outcome and, 262 detection levels of, 262 indications for, 250-251 principles of, 248-249 terminology of, 249-250 see also individual techniques Serratia spp., 86 Serum bactericidal levels, 247 Sexually transmitted diseases, 222-233 pathogens associated with, 222 see also individual pathogens Sharps,155 Shigella spp., 82, 193 antibiotic resistance of, 201 culture of, 195-201 identification of, 199, 200-201 pathogenicity of, 194-195 SA. boydii, 193, 201 Sh. dysenteriae, 193, 201 Sh. flexneri, 193, 201 Sh. sonnei, 193, 197, 201 Sialic acid, 22 Skin, 218-220 Sleeping sickness, 133-134 Slide agglutination, 254 Somatic antigen, 83 of Salmonella, 194, 200, 201 of Shigella, 201 Specimen(s) air, 268-269 blood, 161,165 cerebrospinal fluid, 173-177 choice of, 2 containers for, 2-3 culture of, 5-7 food, 267 laboratory examination of, 4 pus, 216 quality of, 1, 3-4, 149-150 quality control, 148 respiratory tract, 179-183 skin, 218-219 staining of, 4 sterile fluid, 218 transport of, 3 types of, 2 urine, 3, 4, 211-215 water, 264-265 Spirillum minor, 112 Spirochaetaceae, 108-112, 172, 174, 222-226, 251 Sporotrichium schenckii, 123-124 Sporotrichosis, 123-124 Sputum, specimens of, 2, 4 culture of, 180-181 microscopy of, 179-180 ST toxin, 203 Staff, 146-147 safety and, 149,158-159 Staining, 4 Staphylococcus spp., 12-20 antibiotic susceptibility of, 15-16, 18-19, 241, 242, 244 clinical importance of, 13-15 culture of, 17 identification of, 17-18 pathogenicity of, 15 specimens of, 16-17 S. albus, 14, 17 S. aureus, 5, 12-13, 17 blisters and, 219 brain abscess and, 178 enzymes of, 15,17-18 eye infection and, 220, 221 resistant strains of, 15-16, 19, 183, 220, 237, 238 skin infections and, 219, 220 toxins of, 13-14, 15, 219 S. epidermidis, 14, 172 S. haemolyticus, 14-15 S. saprophyticus, 14, 18 swimming pools and, 266 typing of, 5, 11, 18-20 Stoke's method, 238-239 Stomatococcus mucilaginosis, 19 Streptococcus spp., 12, 20-29 antibiotic susceptibility of, 29, 241, 244 classification of, 20-25 clinical importance of, 20-25 Index Streptococcus spp. (cont.) culture of, 5, 25 identification of, 25-29 specimens of, 25 S. adjaceus, 24 S. agalactia, 22, 27, 172 S. anginosis, 23 S. bovis, 23 S. constellatus, 23 S. defectus, 24 S. equisimilis, 23 S. gordoni, 24 S. intermedius, 23 S. milieu, 23, 27, 178 5. mitis, 24 S. mutans, 23, 24 S. oralis, 23-24 5. pneumoniae, 2, 24, 28, 29, 179 culture of, 181, 183 blood culture, 165 eye infection and, 220, 221 meningitis and, 172, 173, 177 serology and, 262 S. pyogenes, 20-22, 27, 29, 183 skin infections and, 219 S. salivarius, 23, 24 S. sanguis, 24 S. zooepidemicus, 23 Streptokinase, 22 Streptolysins O and S, 22 Streptomyces spp., 42 String test, 141 Strongyloides stercoralis, 140-141, 173 Strongyloidiasis, 140-141 Sulphonamide resistance, 235 of Helicobacter pylori, 206 of Neisseria, 63, 66 Sulphur granules, 40-41, 94 Susceptibility see Antibiotic sensitivity Swabs, 2 for Bordetella, 72-73 conjunctival, 220 for gonococci, 60, 61 nasal, 183 for streptococci, 25, 183 throat, 183 Swimming pools, 266 Synergy of antibiotics, 244-245 Syphilis, 222-226 meningitis and, 172, 174 Taenia spp., 141-142, 145 Taeniasis, 135, 140, 141 Tapeworms, 141-142 Techoic acid of listeria, 38 of streptococci, 23, 24, 27 Tellurite, 7 TEM-1 enzyme of Haemophilus, 71, 72 of Neisseria, 63, 66 Tetanospasmin, 106 Tetanus, 106-107 Thiosulphate citrate blue sucrose (TCBS), 7 Threadworms, 139-140 Throat swabs, 183 Thrush, 116 oral, 116, 183 vagin*l, 116 Tinea nigra, 122-123 Toxic shock syndrome, 14 Toxocara canis, 143, 173, 220, 221 Toxocariasis, 143 Toxoplasma gondii, 134-135 eye infection and, 220, 221 Toxoplasmosis, 134-135, 178 T-protein, 21 Training, safety, 159 Treponema pallidum, 222-226 meningitis and, 172, 174 serotyping of, 251 Treponema phagedenis, 92 Trichinella spiralis, 143-144 Trichinosis, 143-144 Trichom*onas vagin*lis, 230-231 Trichom*oniasis, 230-231 Trichophyton spp., 121-122, 123 T mentagrophytes, 122, 123 T rubrum, 115, 121, 122, 123 Trichosporon beigelii, 123 Trichuris trichuria, 140, 145 Trimethoprim resistance, 235 of Helicobacter pylori, 206 Trypanosoma spp., 133-134 Trypanosomiasis, 133-134 meningitis and, 172, 175 TSST-1 toxin, 14, 15 Tube agglutination, 254 Tuberculoma, 178 Tuberculosis, 45-46 brain abscess and, 178 meningitis and, 172, 174, 176, 177 pyrexia and, 167-168, 169 treatment of, 55-56, 244 Tularaemia, 78 Turbidity test, 266 Typhoid, 201-202, 250 285 286 Index Typing, 5, 10-11 indications for, 10 methods of, 10-11 see also Serology Ulcers cutaneous, 219, 220 genital, 229 oral: Vincent's angina, 103, 111, 183 Universal precautions, 159 Ureaplasma spp., 184 U. urealyticum, 184, 185, 186, 229 Urethra pathogens found in, 211 pus from, 226 Urethritis, non-specific, 227, 229 Urine examination of, 211-216 specimens of, 3, 4, 211-215 V factor, 68, 70 Vaccine Bruceila abortus, 75 enteric pathogens, 192 Haemophilus influenzae, 69 pertussis, 72 response to, 251 vagin*l discharge, 230-233 Vaginosis, bacterial, 231-233 Vancomycin resistance, 245-246 streptococcal, 29 Veillonella spp., 92, 104 Venereal disease reference laboratory test (VDRL), 224, 226 Venous ulcers, 219 Vi (virulence) capsular antigen, 194, 200, 201 Vibrio spp., 206-207 identification of, 209, 210 V. cholerae, 207-209, 210 V. mimicus, 206-207, 210 V. parahaemolyticus, 207, 210, 268 V. vulnificus, 207, 210 Vincent's angina, 103, 111, 183 Viridans streptococci, 23-24, 28, 29 Volutin granules, 32-33, 34 Water, 263-266 Weil's disease, 108, 109 White peidra, 123 Whooping cough, 72 Widal test, 202 Wilson and Blair medium, 197 Wounds, postoperative, 219 Wuchereria bancrofti, 131 X factor, 68, 70 Xanthom*onas maltophilia, 89, 91 Xylosine lysine deoxycholate agar, 196-197 Yaws, 223 Yersinia spp., 86, 202 Y. enterocolitica, 86, 202 Y. pestis, 86, 87 Ziehl-Nielsen (ZN) stain, 4 Zycomycota, 114, 119 027502760277027802790280028102820283028402850286